The+Crusades+-+3rd+Crusade

=The third Crusade = = = 

**__Key people __**  **King Richard I: ** (September 8, 1157 – July 6, 1189) Nicknamed “The Lionheart of England” for his great bravery and leadership during the Third Crusade, he is noted highly for battling Saladin and recapturing many lands in Asia Minor. King Richard I was the son of King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. As soon as his elder brother, Henry the Young King died and he was crowned king, he began preparing for the Third Crusade. He raised a great deal of money, to support his army for the crusade, by undergoing three actions: 1. persecuting and stealing from the Jews 2. raising the taxes of all of his subjects 3. selling offices, high ranking titles, and royal land.

  **King Philip II: ** (August 21, 1165- July 14, 1223) Otherwise known as King Philip Augustus of France, this King was the leader of the French Crusaders who fought alongside King Richard I and his army. He constructed large siege equipments which played a major role in the capturing of Acre. After the surrender of Acre on July 11, 1191, Philip parted the Holy Land to go back to France due to a sickness. His leave played a major role in the Third Crusade because this meant that the rest of the Crusade was in the hands of King Richard I. Also his leave played a major role in that his crusaders did not want to fight without their leader; this played a major role in why Richard was not able to capture Jerusalem from the Muslims.

 <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Frederick Barbarossa: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> (1122 – June 10, 1190) Otherwise known as Frederick Red-Beard, Frederick was the German king of Germany and the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Born as the son of Duke Frederick II of Swabia and Judith of Baravia, Frederick is noted highly for aiding King Richard I in the Third Crusade. After the Third Crusade was launched by Pope Gregory VIII in 1187, Frederick began to accumulate his army of 150,000 immediately. After he finished raising his army, he headed off to the Holy Land and won two fierce battles against the Muslims. Frederick drowned on his way to Antioch when he tried to cross a fast flowing river; his heavy armor prevented him from being able to swim.

<span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Saladin- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> (1137-March 4, 1193) The leader of the Muslims, Saladin fought against the crusaders that were led by King Richard I. The primary reason for the Third Crusade was because Saladin captured Jerusalem in 1187. Saladin is the son of Najm ad- Din Ayyub. Saladin’s name means “righteousness of faith”. He captured numerous cities such as Damascus, Acre and Mosul. Saladin is noted highly for his generosity during the war. For example, when King Richard was sick, Saladin sent him a basket of fruit, to nurse the King into good health. In the end of the Third Crusade, both King Richard I and Saladin signed a peace treaty that permitted Christians to visit Jerusalem without having to pay tribute; the treaty also gave the possession of the coast,from Jaffa to Tyre, to the Christians.

<span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> **__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Important Events __**

<span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px;">

<span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> 1187- Saladin, the sultan, or absolute ruler, of Eg <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;">ypt took and captured, from the Christians, Jerusalem and most of the Holy land in the battle of Hattin; Saladin’s army defeated King Guy in this battle. Pope Urban III was said to have died of shock when word spread to Europe that Muslims had conquered Jerusalem. Pope Gregory VIII, the next Pope after Pope Urban III, called on Kings and other Christian leaders to fight. The Kings that answered the call were the three European leaders King Philip Augustus of France, King Richard I of England and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany.

<span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> 1189- Frederick Barbarossa with his large army journeyed to the Holy Lands. Although met with resistance early on his exploit, Barbarossa is able to quickly subdue his enemies. Frederick and his army are struck with a major problem when they cross the Saleph River in Cilicia. Frederick and many of his men drown in the river. The death of the German King greatly demoralized the army, sending many home, and others onward to Antioch. Saladin thought that Allah was on his side after most of Saladin’s men that continued onward to Antioch were either killed by Saladin’s forces or from fever. France and England were left to take back the Holy Lands from the Muslims.

<span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> 1190- The leader of the Crusade, King Richard I of England, raised money to fund the crusades through several methods. King Richard’s first means of funding for the crusade was through the oppression and theft of the Jews. As well as blatantly stealing, King Richard increased taxes for all classes in England. He even sold political positions and at one point he claimed he would sell London to anyone who would be willing to buy it.

<span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> 1191-On April 20th, the French and <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;">English armies laid siege on the city of Acre. After 4 months, on July 11th, they they breached the walls of Acre and gave their terms of surrender. The terms were as follows: 2,000 prisoners, 200,000 gold pieces, and the return of the relic the True Cross. Although the True Cross and the 2,000 prisoners were in Saladin’s possession, neither Acre nor Saladin had 200,000 gold pieces. Saladin was able to release the 2,000 prisoners, he was not able to release the amount of gold that was agreed upon. 2,700 Muslim prisoners were executed by Richard. With Acre captured, Philip returned to France because of severe sickness. After, the English army continued on their way along the coast to Jerusalem. All but one of Saladin’s attempts to provoke Richard’s army into fighting his own to keep them away from the holy city were of no avail. This one battle was the battle of Arsuf. Saladin attacked Richard’s army with a force of 20,000.

<span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> 1192 –By January 3rd, Richard’s very sick and tired army arrived at Jerusalem. Since fighting caused the men in the army to become very tired, they decided <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;">to return to the coast. Richard realized that he didn’t actually have the amount of forces necessary to take over Jerusalem. Also, even if he did have enough forces, he first had to amend the problem in England as soon as possible. Seeing this as a great opportunity, Saladin recaptured Jaffa from the English but soon Richard retaliated and launched a surprise attack on Jaffa. This caused Saladin to lose control of his men, and Richard to retake the <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;"> city. On September 2nd, Richard and Saladin signed a treaty. This treaty allowed Richard to keep all of the lands that he had conquered during this Crusade. Also, this allowed Christians to freely come visit and leave Jerusalem. After signing the treaty, Richard set sail back home to England. <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px;">

<span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> **__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Important Terms __** <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> **__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Acre __**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">–A port city located in Israel; also known as Akko. An old city that appears in the Bible, Acre was the main conflict region for the Crusades. Crusaders and Muslims fought numerous battles to conquer this city. <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> **__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Infidel __****<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">– **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">one who has no religious faith; unbeliever <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> **__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Jerusalem __**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">– A large city located in Israel which was treated by the Jewish, Muslims, and Christians as sacred place. The triumph over Jerusalem by Saladin lit the fire of the Third Crusade. <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> **__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Siege __**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">– To surround, attack, or isolate a certain place. Ex) Siege of Acre <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> **__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Pilgrim __**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">– person who travels to a holy place for his/her religious purpos  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;">es. <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> **__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Truce __**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">– Making a peaceful treaty to stop fighting between two or more groups.  <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> **__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Capitulate __**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">– To accept defeat and decide not to resist anymore; unconditional surrender. <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> **__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Christendom __**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">– a term referring to all Christian people and Christian countries.

<span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Impact on the medieval era ** <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> Due to the loss of their leader, emperor Friedrich, the Crusaders lost hope and were not able to conquer Jerusalem. Therefore, British king Richard I and France King Philip II organized the crusaders back home. Even though they failed to take back Jerusalem, they succeeded to negotiate with Saladin. As a result of this negotiation, __Christians were able to get the freedom of peaceful pilgrimage.__ <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> One of the important facts during the 3rd crusade is that Christians and Muslims pretty much lost devotion to their faith, which had appeared in the 1st Crusade. The 3rd Crusade was based on each groups concern and desire to get benefit.